MAPK3 and diabetes mellitus: This hypothesis is supported by the following two findings: (1) treatment of diabetic WT mice with hrANXA1 attenuated the activation of p38, JNK and ERK1/2 and the cardiac and renal dysfunction caused by diabetes; and (2) even when hrANXA1 was given therapeutically (weeks 8–13) this resulted in attenuation of the activation of p38, JNK and ERK1/2 as well as the organ dysfunction caused by diabetes.