The increase in testing with age could be due to an increase in LUTS with age22 or with the GP wanting to rule out the possibility of PCa23 despite this rarely being the cause of such symptoms.21 24 It is also thought that the PSA level is a useful indicator of prostate volume and may inform the choice between treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia and other benign conditions.12 25. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.