VPS41 and bacterial infectious disease: A similar trend (but overall less replication) was observed in the control and Vps41 lentiviral-mediated shRNA transduced cells (S3o and S3q Fig; knockdown efficiency >70%; control shRNA: ~2 fold and Vps41 shRNA: ~ 0.9 fold change in bacterial burden from 2 hr to 10 hr p.i.)To corroborate the bacterial infection experiments performed under in vitro cell culture conditions, we next assessed whether HOPS subunits are required for in vivo replication of Salmonella in a mouse model.