MANF and Parkinson disease: Previously, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor were identified as a new family of neurotrophic factors (Petrova et al., 2003; Lindholm et al., 2007) protecting dopamine neurons in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (Voutilainen et al., 2009; Airavaara et al., 2012).