Moreover, Phase II trial of the Nelipepimut-S Peptide vaccine in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), aims to assess whether nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF or sargramostim (Leukine®) is more effective in treating patients with DCIS (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02636582). Here, CSF2 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.