PLAGL2 and central nervous system cancer: These include Pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 2 (PLAGL-2) associated with glioma stem cells; SNAIL gene, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor invasiveness; Frizzled-1 (FZD1), associated with radiation resistance; and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis and vasculogenesis (Zheng et al., 2010; Jin et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2015).