AR and hypospadias: In this study, to investigate the association between biomarker level as an index of chemical exposure and male infant reproductive disorders, we measured the mRNA expression levels of the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and the androgen-related genes (SRD5A2 and AR) in human preputial skin samples from patients with hypospadias and compared them with those from patients with phimosis.