CTLA4 and cancer: TheraVac provides a novel tumor immunotherapeutic regimen that has great potential to be translated into humans because 1) the synergistic DC-activating effect of HMGN1 and R848 was seen both in mouse and human DCs (Fig. 1); 2) the inhibitors of immunosuppression in TheraVac, either CY, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA4, has already been shown to be beneficial for human cancer patients1,2,5,45; and 3) TheraVac was effective on large established mouse tumors that more closely simulate human cancers.