In addition, antitumor immunity against PDAC-associated single antigens, such as MUC1 or mesothelin, may not be effective against heterogeneous tumor cell populations and carries the risk of inducing tumor antigen escape variants.[44,45] Therefore, effective tumor vaccines are generally acknowledged to require the inclusion of multiple TAAs that can be presented to T cells via MHC class I and class II pathways,[46–48] also known as polyvalent tumor lysate vaccines.[19]. Here, MSLN is linked to neoplasm.