Although more research is needed to fully understand the role of TLRs in valvular heart disease, a small study showed that plasma and tissue TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin 6) levels correlated with the calcification of human aortic valve, which may be a result of TLR2 and -4 upregulation [71]. Here, IL6 is linked to heart valve disorder.