AVP and heart failure: As described in the introduction, copeptin has been found to be of prognostic value in various conditions such as sepsis (Seligman et al. 2008), septic and haemorrhagic shock (Morgenthaler et al. 2007), in lower respiratory tract infections (Müller et al. 2007), heart failure (Stoiser et al. 2006) and myocardial infarction (Marston et al. 2016).