BDNF and depressive symptom measurement: However, previous studies have shown that, in rats, the bilateral infusion of BDNF into the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus produces antidepressant‐like effects in behavioral depression models (Shirayama, Chen, Nakagawa, Russell, & Duman, 2002); moreover, in the dorsal hippocampus, chronic electroconvulsive treatment increases the acute electroconvulsive induction and prolongs the expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA (Nibuya et al., 1995), and also up‐regulates the expression of the gene encoding BDNF in the dentate gyrus granule cell layer (Ploski, Newton, & Duman, 2006).