HDAC9 and acute kidney injury: However, recent studies suggest that inhibitors of the Zn2+-dependent HDACs, including hydroxamic acids, electrophilic ketones, cyclic peptides, short-chain fatty acids and benzamides, also have immunomodulatory activity and antiapoptotic effects in kidney disease.4, 9, 10, 11 The emerging role of HDAC inhibitor with phenylthiobutanoic acids has been reported to enhance renal recovery and attenuate renal fibrosis.12, 13 It is suggested that the potential roles of HDAC inhibitors may be responsible for promoting renal regeneration and functional recovery in AKI induced by CP.