The mRNA levels of the E3-ubiquitin ligases, muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1), muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) involved in ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolysis24,26 were significantly decreased 15 days after cerebral ischemia in both vehicle-MCAO mice and PINTA745-MCAO mice compared to Sham mice (Fig. 5A,B, P < 0.05). The gene discussed is FBXO32; the disease is brain ischemia.