IFNA1 and infection: Although it was impossible to differentiate the contribution of IFN signaling from IFN-independent signaling in upregulating PKR during the late infection of GCRV (Figure 7D), IFN-signaling activated by GCRV challenge did result in a weaker stimulation efficiency of PKR than IFN-independent signaling induced by 2-D08 treatment in our quantitative assays.