WNT5A and breast carcinoma: We examined the role of β-catenin signaling for the following two reasons: 1) active β-catenin signaling positively regulates aerobic glycolysis in cancers, including breast tumors [8, 39]; and 2) WNT5A expression inhibits ERK1/2 signaling in breast cancer cells [40], and ERK1/2 signaling has been suggested to activate WNT β-catenin signaling [41, 42].