NUPR1 and cancer: Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of these genes revealed up and down regulation of several canonical cancer signalling pathways, such as estrogen-dependent breast cancer signalling, inhibition of angiogenesis by TSP1, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and notch signalling and upstream target genes, such as NUPR1, RABL6, SMARCA4, HIF1A and TGFB1 in 3D glandular and non-glandular colonies (Figure 2C).