We observed that NR expressions were modulated in hepatocellular carcinoma cells stimulated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), palatal mesenchyme cells from TGF-β knockout (KO) mice, in conventional T cells stimulated with anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, also known as CD152, a T cell co-suppressor) antibody, in regulatory T cells (Tregs) stimulated with anti-CTLA-4 antibody and in hearts extracted from cardiac-specific transgenic PPARα mice. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and hepatocellular carcinoma.