Additionally, the cell-wall extract of L. gasseri ATC33323 upregulated the expression of TNFα, IL-1β, MIP-1α and MCP-1 in a Sprague-Dawley rat model of sepsis [82], whereas conditioned medium from L. rhamnosus L34 and L. casei L39 differentially regulated NFκB and c-Jun activation in a C. difficile-induced colitis model: L34 suppressed NFκB and L39 suppressed both NFκB and c-Jun involved in IL-8 production, hence neutrophil activation and recruitment [81]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.