In fact, similar observations to the current work have been reported in a mouse model of pneumonia virus, where the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS1 and NS2 (rPVM ∆NS1∆NS2; rPVM ∆NS2) antagonize IFN responses in vivo, but on the other hand, induced lower amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in the airways when compared to rPVM virus [35]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to pneumonia.