NPPB and cardiac hypertrophy: Cardiac hypertrophy not only can show increased cell size and collagen synthesis, but also induce enhanced expressions of the relevant fetal genes, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and modulatory calcineurin-interacting protein 1.4 (MCIP1.4) [5–7].