Interestingly, a recent study including more than three thousands subjects from the Framingham community showed that healthy subjects with IGF-1 in the lowest quartile had a 51% greater risk of developing AD and, among persons without dementia, higher levels of IGF-1 were associated with greater brain volumes, strongly suggesting that higher levels of IGF-1 may protect against subclinical and clinical neurodegeneration [29]. Here, IGF1 is linked to dementia.