Some PARP-1 genetic variants are protective against PD (Infante et al., 2007), and the involvement of PARP-1 in PD pathophysiology includes regulation of alpha-synuclein expression (Chiba-Falek et al., 2005), and modification of p53 in the MPTP model (Mandir et al., 2002). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.