PARP-1 is a DNA-damage sensor that is activated in some PD models such as the MPTP mouse (Wang et al., 2003), and inhibiting PARP-1 reduced dopamine neuron death from MPTP (Iwashita et al., 2004), alpha synuclein and MPP+ (Outeiro et al., 2007). This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and Parkinson disease.