BRAF and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): The BRAF gene is altered by a missense mutation (mainly V600E) or tandem duplication of BRAF locus resulting in the KIAA1549:BRAF fusion gene in up to 70% of astrocytoma (especially in picocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma), while such alteration is uncommon in other types of glial and non-glial tumors [41,42,43,44].