Although cardiac-specific overexpression of PDK4 exacerbates hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by calcineurin stress-activated pathway in PDK4/CnA double transgenic mice [62], it exerts a protective effect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via chronic metabolic adaptation in similar cardiac-specific PDK4 transgenic mice [63]. Here, PPP3CA is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.