PPARA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Nevertheless, the effect of Chi on the regulation of insulin resistance-related gene expression by PPARγ, together with its moderate activity on PPARα and δ, could rebalance glucose and FA uptake and substrate utilization in adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and heart upon insulin resistance and obesity, which may provide comprehensive clinical benefits to T2DM patients in the future.