Both DCM and HCM in humans have been linked to TTN, MYH6, MYH7, MYBPC3, TNNT2, TNNI3, TPM1, ACTC/ACTC1, TNNC1, ACTN2, ANKDR1, CSRP3, LDB3, TCAP, VCL, PLN, and RYR2 [17,52]; likewise, mutations in MYH7 and TNNI3 can cause RCM, DCM, and HCM [40,121]. Here, VCL is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.