VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Mutant forms of VHL associated with ccRCC are incapable of binding HIF1α or pAkt, resulting in stabilized expression and activation of these proteins, which ultimately facilitates tumorigenesis (Guo et al., 2016; Ivan et al., 2001; Jaakkola et al., 2001; Maxwell et al., 1999; Min et al., 2002; Ohh et al., 2000).