PTPN1 and diabetes mellitus: Notably, although it is hardly to predict the targets of astragalus polysaccharides in silico, some DM-related targets, such as GAA, PTP1B, and AMPK, have been reported to be associated with its antidiabetic effect (Zou et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2014).