Given the large body of evidence implying mTOR function in key aspects of brain development, it is not surprising that hyperactivating, somatic, and germline mutations in components of the PI3K-AKT3-mTOR pathway have been linked with rare ID syndromes associated with (hemi)megalencephaly, focal cortical dysplasia, and epilepsy38–41. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and Focal cortical dysplasia.