IFNA1 and neoplasm: The exact role for type I IFNs in mediating PD-L1 immune escape remains to be elucidated, but it is tempting to speculate that early production of IFN-α by APCs augments IFN-γ production by CD4+ T lymphocytes [151] and NK cells [152], and thus leads to PD-L1 up regulation in the tumor microenvironment.