IFNB1 and neoplasm: Since VSV-IFN-β offers increased capacity to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as preferential replication in tumor cells, it is safer and more effective as compared to VSV with no transgene [331, 332], features that led to the establishment of a phase I clinical trial in 2012, that is still ongoing with estimated primary completion date in June 2017 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01628640).