On one hand, there is a large body of evidence showing that MAPK activation in melanoma cells contributes to immunosuppression and BRAF/MEK inhibitors trigger melanoma-specific immune responses, which are typically manifested by a rapid increase in tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) consisting mainly of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [7–12]. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is neoplasm.