BRAF and neoplasm: While BRAF/MEK inhibitor-triggered anti-melanoma immune responses are associated with the increased expression of melanoma antigens and reduction in immunosuppressive cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 [10–12, 14], the immunosuppressive effect of the inhibitors has been linked to upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the melanoma cell surface and stimulation of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) that in turn promote melanoma growth [9, 11, 13, 15].