IL1A and infection: Consistent with our previous studies [8, 24], IOE infection elicited inflammasome activation in the liver of WT mice as evidenced by cleaved caspase-1 in liver lysates (Fig 2A), and high serum levels of IL-1β on day 7 p.i. (Fig 2B). In contrast, MyD88 deficiency inhibited caspase-1 activation in the liver (Fig 2A), and decreased serum levels of IL-1β (Fig 2B) and IL-1α (a marker of lytic cell death induced by caspase-1/11-mediated pyroptosis) (Fig 2C) when compared to WT mice.