SMAD7 and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: Much of this interaction is widely debated but more specifically it binds to transcription regulators like SNW1; a transcription regulator SKIP (Ski- interacting protein); SMAD family members like SMAD7, which is a known antagonist of TGF-β (Transforming growth factor-β); and even PDPK1 kinase activity, which is responsible for activation of AKT, which is downstream of PI3K. Disruptions in Na+/K+ -ATPase function can lead to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis [94] and McArdle disease [95].