IGF1 and neoplasm: Similarly to FGF1, numerous growth factors and growth factor receptors can nuclearize and act by intracrine and nuclear pathways, whether in the FGF/FGFR family (FGF1-3,11-14/FGFR1)2, 49, 50, 51 or in other growth factor families such as EGF/EGFR, IGF-I/IGF-IR, VEGF/VEGFR.52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 In most of these studies, nuclearization of growth factors or of their receptors is associated with increased cell proliferation and survival and tumor chemoresistance.