This was consistent with our previous finding that IPF fibroblasts showed reduced α-tubulin acetylation [12], and suggests that TGF-β1 may increase HDAC6 activity (or modulate activities of other α-tubulin acetylating/deacetylating enzymes such as α-tubulin acetyltransferase-1 (αTAT-1) and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2))[20]. Here, ATAT1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.