TNF and neoplasm: Aberrant upregulation and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL5, and CXCL8, has been correlated with the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as tumor, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and cytotoxicity [31,32,33].