BRAF, under selection in the cat, horse, and AMH, is an important member of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, which has been shown to play a key role in synaptic plasticity, memory, and learning [69], and which, when disrupted, can lead to a broad range of syndromes comprising craniofacial defects and cognitive deficits [70]. The gene discussed is MAPK1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.