These are very similar to what we found within HIV-1 subtype B infected individuals (6.54x10-3 subs./site/year for gag and 2.03x10-2 subs./site/year for env-gp120) despite methodological differences (i. e., Novitsky collected sequences from only early in infection and like the Shankarappa study, included proviral DNA sequences in their analysis). This evidence concerns the gene ERVW-1 and infection.