ITIH4 and infection: These are very similar to what we found within HIV-1 subtype B infected individuals (6.54x10-3 subs./site/year for gag and 2.03x10-2 subs./site/year for env-gp120) despite methodological differences (i. e., Novitsky collected sequences from only early in infection and like the Shankarappa study, included proviral DNA sequences in their analysis).