GZMA and inflammation: However, granzymes also exhibit non‐cytotoxic functions, with proposed roles in chronic inflammation, and impaired wound healing.50 For example, Granzyme A can stimulate pulmonary fibroblasts to secrete IL‐6 and CXCL8.51 Granzyme B secreting T cells in particular are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD52, 53 and our novel finding that UPM‐treatment enhanced Granzyme secretion supports UPM‐induced CD8 T‐cell responses being pro‐inflammatory to the airways.