To confirm this trend in our chondrosarcoma samples and to investigate the possible difference between benign enchondroma and malignant chondrosarcoma, we evaluated the rate of phosphorylated (activated) SMAD3 (p-SMAD3) and SMAD1/5 (p-SMAD1/5) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens by IHC. Here, SMAD1 is linked to cancer.