Other groups have reported differential expression of the following molecules between enchondromas and grade 1 chondrosarcomas: periostin21, Runx2, Indian Hedgehog22, C-propeptides of procollagen Iα1 and IIα123, MCM624, PTHrP, Bcl-225, CD44s26, and components of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway27,28. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chondrosarcoma.