Boeuf et al. analysed 10 grade 1, 11 grade 2, and six grade 3 chondrosarcomas for expression of TGF-β/BMP ligands and type I receptors by RT-PCR, and phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9 and SMAD2 by IHC28. The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is chondrosarcoma.