Since abnormal activity of systemic and local ANGII signaling have been shown to play a wide role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders, such as vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory reactions, thrombosis, oxidative injuries, etc9–11, our results thus may provide novel ANGII-related mechanistic evidence for the epidemiologic studies on short and long time PM2.5 exposure-induced CV pathologies, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis. Here, AGT is linked to congestive heart failure.