CD38 and tuberculosis: The percentage of CD4+ T-cells expressing CD38 was significantly higher in the TB+HIV+ group (median 68.5% [IQR: 59.6–88.5]) compared with the TB–HIV– (median 46.8% [IQR: 43.5–55.0]) (p < 0.001) and TB+HIV– (median 62.2% [IQR: 45.7–69.3]) groups (p = 0.03) (Figure 3A).