The percentage of CD8+ T-cells expressing CD38 was significantly higher in the TB+HIV+ group (median 88.6% [IQR: 79.9–94.4]) compared with the TB–HIV+ group (median 65.5% [IQR: 47.4–88.3]) (p = 0.01) and also compared with both HIV-seronegative groups (TB+HIV– [p < 0.001] and TB–HIV– [p < 0.001]) (Figure 3B). Here, CD8A is linked to tuberculosis.