Patients with WS have elevatedlevels of inflammation-driven aging-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10,granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], IL-2, TNF-α, interferon gamma [IFNγ], monocytechemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], andgranulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) compared with normal individuals. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Werner syndrome.