Taken into account the notion that ADAR1 function is mediated by the concurrent effects of numerous edited substrates, including cellular but also viral RNAs, our data indicate that RNA editing by ADAR1 prevents innate immune activation and the subsequent IFN production and this is the underlying mechanism explaining ADAR1 proviral role in HIV-1 infection (Fig. 6). The gene discussed is ADAR; the disease is HIV-1 infection.