However, these investigations do not address issues that should inform future translational studies: interactions of currently used ART drugs or high fat/high calorie diets with Vpr, liver effects of intact HIV, modulation by other metabolically significant HIV proteins such as Nef or Tat, and direct (biopsy) evidence for the association of Vpr in the liver with coexisting NAFLD in HIV patients. This evidence concerns the gene S100B and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.