A marked increase in M2-related MDC/CCL22, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 was observed in the BAL supernatants from NLFS and COPD subjects (Fig. 9a), with a decrease in the M1-related cytokine IL-12p40 but not for IFN-γ (Fig. 9b). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.