ATG12 and atrial fibrillation: Our data indicated that AF/AD resulted in upregulation of Atg5-Atg12 protein complex, Atg7, Atg10, Beclin-1, LC3 I, and LC3 II, but that 3-MA attenuated the effects of AF/AD on these autophagy-associated genes proteins in Bel-7402 cells, suggesting that autophagy was involved in AF/AD-induced apoptosis of Bel-7402 cells.