Compared with the control treatment, AF/AD upregulated expression of Atg5-Atg12 protein complex, Atg7, Atg10, Beclin-1, LC3 I, LC3 II, green Beclin-1 immunofluorescence, and red LC3 immunofluorescence (Figure 3A,B and Figure 4A,B). Here, ATG12 is linked to atrial fibrillation.