ATG5 and atrial fibrillation: Compared with the AF/AD treatment, 3-MA attenuated the effects of AF/AD on autophagic characteristics, Atg5-Atg12 protein complex, Atg7, Atg10, Beclin-1, LC3 I, and LC3 II (Figure 1A,B, Figure 3A,B and Figure 4A,B).