Compared with the AF/AD treatment, 3-MA led to upregulation of p-P38MAPK (Figure 3A), and SB203580 resulted in less morphological characteristics of autophagy (Figure 1A,B), and downregulation of Atg5-Atg12 protein complex, Atg7, Atg10, Beclin-1, LC3 I, LC3 II, green Beclin-1 immunofluorescence, and red LC3 immunofluorescence (Figure 3A,B and Figure 4A,B). Here, ATG5 is linked to atrial fibrillation.