In cultured PKR1-overexpressing tcf21+ CPFs caused by Adv-PKR1 infection, the expression of PPARγ and CEB/Pα was decreased, whereas Flk-1 and calponin expression was increased (Fig. 4G), indicating the cell-autonomous regulation of tcf21+CF cell fate by PKR1. The gene discussed is VAMP3; the disease is infection.