HMGA1 and lung carcinoma: Our results showed that overexpression of the HMGA1 wild-type and phosphomimetic HMGA1S99E enhanced cell proliferation at 24 h and 48 h, whereas the mutation with a serine-to-alanine substitution (a dephosphorylated form of HMGA1S99A) resulted in decreased cell proliferation rates at 24 h and 48 h post-transfection suggesting that phosphorylation of HMGA1S99 contributes to cell proliferation in both A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells (Fig. 7d).