The likely mechanism of this effect was described as resulting from β-emission induced immunogenic cell death that caused tumor cells to release chemokines (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 & CXCL16), cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, & IL-16), and danger signals (ATP, calreticulin, & HMGB1) as well as tumor antigens. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.